Electrical stimulation for bone healing reduced pain and risk of nonunion vs. sham control

Sci Rep. 2016 Aug 19;6:31724. doi: 10.1038/srep31724.

AAOS 2016: Electrical stimulation effective for pain & nonunion vs. sham

No effect of transcranial direct current stimulation seen on non-specific chronic LBP

BMJ. 2015 Apr 16;350:h1640

Addition of transcranial direct current stimulation to exercise beneficial over sham for chronic LBP

Clin Rehabil. 2018 Oct;32(10):1348-1356. doi: 10.1177/0269215518777881

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation after Colles' fracture fixation

J Altern Complement Med. 2015 Dec;21(12):754-8

AAOS2018: Neuromuscular electrical stimulation does not affect atrophy after Achilles repair

Early postoperative TENS after total knee arthroplasty does not benefit pain reduction

J Knee Surg. 2018 Feb;31(2):189-196

COA 2016: Efficacy of electrical stimulation on bone fracture healing, pain, and function

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Improves Outcomes vs Sham for Failed Back Surgery Syndrome

Pain Physician. 2021 01-Jan;():. N/A

The effect of pulsed/low-intensity bone growth stimulation in acute fractures

Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2014 Aug;134(8):1093-106

AAOS2017: TENS demonstrates analgesic potential following outpatient arthroscopic RCR

Comparable spinal fusion rates between three different electrical stimulation techniques

Spine J. 2013 Oct;13(10):1238-43

Perioperative Transcutaneous Electrical Acupoint Stimulation in Major Spinal Surgery

BMC Anesthesiol. 2022 01-Nov;():. 10.1186/s12871-022-01875-3

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation not effective for pain relief or ROM post-stroke

J Physiother. 2013 Dec;59(4):245-54. doi: 10.1016/S1836-9553(13)70201-7

No Clinical Advantage of Adding IM Stimulation to Physiotherapy for Achilles Tendinopathy

PloS One. 2020 08-Sep;():. 10.1371/journal.pone.0238579

Knee OA: Efficacy of pulsed electromagnetic field and pulsed surface electrode treatments

Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2013 Sep;21(9):1281-9

Non-invasive interactive neuro-stimulation improves short-term outcome in athletes with ankle sprain

J Foot Ankle Surg. 2019 May;58(3):441-446. doi: 10.1053/j.jfas.2018.09.009

Efficacy of electromagnetic stimulation in long bone fracture healing remains inconclusive

J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008 Nov;90(11):2322-30

Sham-SMT is a believable sham comparator for studying effects of SMT in shoulder pain

Man Ther. 2013 Feb;18(1):60-4. doi: 10.1016/j.math.2012.07.003. Epub 2012 Aug 9

Variable results of electrical stimulation following spinal fusion

Evid Based Spine Care J. 2014 Oct;5(2):87-94